Cripps had designed the proposals himself, but they were too radical for Churchill and the Viceroy, and too conservative for the Indians no middle way was found. Both the major parties, the Congress and the League rejected his proposals and the mission proved a failure. Cripps discussed the proposals with the Indian leaders and published them. Cripps promised to give dominion status after the war as well as elections to be held after the war.
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Cripps was sent to negotiate an agreement with the nationalist leaders Mahatma Gandhi, speaking for the Hindus and Muslims, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, speaking for the Muslims.Cripps worked to keep India loyal to the British war effort in exchange for a promise of full self-government after the war. The mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a senior left-wing politician and government minister in the War Cabinet of Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The Cripps mission was an attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. The most serious problem was lack of equipment.Ģ6. As the war progressed, the size and role of the Indian Army expanded dramatically, and troops were sent to battle fronts as soon as possible. Their mission was internal security and defense against a possible Russian threat through Afghanistan. In 1939, British officials had no plan for expansion and training of Indian forces, which comprised about 130,000 men (In addition there were 44,000 men in British units in India in 1939.). The conversion of the cavalry force into a mechanized tank force had only just began and was hampered by the inability to supply adequate numbers of tanks and armoured vehicles. There was no shortage of manpower to call upon, but the army did suffer from a shortage of skilled technical personnel. In 1939 the Indian Army was an experienced force, having fought in the Third Afghan War and two major campaigns in Waziristan, during 1919–19–1939 and in smaller disputes on the North West Frontier since the First World War. Their valour was recognised with the award of some 4,000 decorations, and 38 members of the Indian Army were awarded the Victoria Cross or the George Crossġ9. These campaigns cost the lives of over 36,000 Indian servicemen, while another 34,354 were wounded, and 67,340 became prisoners of war. However, the bulk of the Indian Army was committed to fighting the Japanese Army, first during the British defeats in Malaya and the retreat from Burma to the Indian border later, after resting and refitting for the victorious advance back into Burma, as part of the largest British Empire army ever formed. The Indian Army fought in Ethiopia against the Italian Army, in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia against both the Italian and German Army, and, after the Italian surrender, against the German Army in Italy.
By the end of the war it had become the largest volunteer army in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in August 1945.Serving in divisions of infantry, armour and a fledgling airborne force, they fought on three continents in Africa, Europe and Asia. The Indian Army began the war, in 1939, numbering just under 200,000 men.
The All-India Muslim League was formerly founded on 30 December 1906 by a group of big zamindars, ex-bureaucrats and other upper class Muslims like the Aga Khan, the Nawab of Dacca Salimullah and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk with three main objectives:Ī) To promote among Indian Muslims feelings of loyalty towards the British government.ī) To protect and advance the political and other rights of the Indian Muslims.Ĭ) So far as possible, without prejudice to the objects (a) (b), to promote friendly relations between Muslims and other communities of India.įor about a decade after 1913, the Muslim League came under the influence of progressive Muslim leaders like Maulana Mohammad Ali, Maulana Mazhar-ul-Haq, Syed Wazir Hussain, Hasan Imam and M.A. The deputationists demanded separate Muslim electorates which was accepted by Lord Minto. The Simla deputation (Muslims) led by the spiritual leader of the Khoja Muslim community, Aga Khan met Lord Minto at Simla on 1, October 1906.
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